Photo exhibition on ‘Development Initiatives in North East’ begins

A five day photo exhibition on the theme ‘Development Initiatives in North East’, has been inaugurated by Churachandpur district ADC Executive Member Genneikhup Vaiphei as the chief guest at Manipur Press Club today Source The Sangai Express

A five day photo exhibition on the theme ‘Development Initiatives in North East’, has been inaugurated by Churachandpur district ADC Executive Member Genneikhup Vaiphei as the chief guest at Manipur Press Club today Source The Sangai Express

Read more / Original news source: http://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=8&src=031211

MDPF lays down its agenda

Laying down its agenda for the forthcoming general election scheduled to be held sometime in February next year, the Manipur Democratic People’s Front has come out with certain points so that a change can be brought about in the State Source The San…

Laying down its agenda for the forthcoming general election scheduled to be held sometime in February next year, the Manipur Democratic People’s Front has come out with certain points so that a change can be brought about in the State Source The Sangai Express

Read more / Original news source: http://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=13&src=031211

American theatre director to visit Imphal

American theatre master director Robert Wilson who is a towering figure in the contemporary history of world theatre would visit Imphal on December 10 Source The Sangai Express

American theatre master director Robert Wilson who is a towering figure in the contemporary history of world theatre would visit Imphal on December 10 Source The Sangai Express

Read more / Original news source: http://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=9&src=031211

Supra State Body BJP demands clarification from PM

The BJP Manipur unit has demanded Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh and UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi to give an unambiguous clarification on the reported offer of the Government of India for a Supra State body for Nagas to NSCN IM as a Christmas gift …

The BJP Manipur unit has demanded Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh and UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi to give an unambiguous clarification on the reported offer of the Government of India for a Supra State body for Nagas to NSCN IM as a Christmas gift Source The Sangai Express

Read more / Original news source: http://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=2&src=031211

Blast JAC threatens stir agitation

Setting deadline of December 15 for the Government of Manipur to identify and round up those responsible for the recent triggering the bomb blast at Palace Compound area that claimed the life of one Md Kora, Joint Action Committee Against the Killing o…

Setting deadline of December 15 for the Government of Manipur to identify and round up those responsible for the recent triggering the bomb blast at Palace Compound area that claimed the life of one Md Kora, Joint Action Committee Against the Killing of Md Kora at Hapta Kangjeibung Bomb Blast on November 30 cautioned that it would be constrained to launch intense agitation in case of failure to honour the demand Source The Sangai Express

Read more / Original news source: http://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=11&src=031211

Set but after consuming years not all ‘really ready’

With all the roads and bridges where the cavalcade of Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh and UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi is set to cover freshly re painted and decorated with colourful flags, Imphal is ready to roll out the red carpet to the visiting hi…

With all the roads and bridges where the cavalcade of Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh and UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi is set to cover freshly re painted and decorated with colourful flags, Imphal is ready to roll out the red carpet to the visiting high profile leaders Source The Sangai Express

Read more / Original news source: http://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=1&src=031211

Patel puts on star show at UWI – Trinidad Guardian

Patel puts on star show at UWITrinidad GuardianPhotos: Shastri Boodan Priti Patel and her 11-member dance group from India gave an outstanding performance of Chitra, The Princess of Manipur last Sunday at the Daaga Auditorium at the UWI, St Augustine. …

Patel puts on star show at UWI
Trinidad Guardian
Photos: Shastri Boodan Priti Patel and her 11-member dance group from India gave an outstanding performance of Chitra, The Princess of Manipur last Sunday at the Daaga Auditorium at the UWI, St Augustine. The dance was filled with slow fluid movements,
Tagore's 'Chitra' holds audiences spellbound in Trinidad and TobagoTwoCircles.net

all 4 news articles »

Read more / Original news source: http://news.google.com/news/url?sa=t&fd=R&usg=AFQjCNGk2OTxWIEMQ8fjei460kyCSbC7Ew&url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/entertainment/2011/12/03/patel-puts-star-show-uwi

Mega structures to be inaugurated by PM are worth Rs. 512.59 crore

IMPHAL, December 2: The mega structures in Imphal which will be inaugurated by Prime Minister… more »

IMPHAL, December 2: The mega structures in Imphal which will be inaugurated by Prime Minister Dr Manmohon Singh tomorrow have been built at a staggering project cost of Rs. 512.59 crore under the financial assistance of the Central government.

The City Convention Centre located at Palace Compound has been constructed under Special Plan Assistance at an estimated cost of Rs. 53.89 crore. The project is being executed by M/S Simplex Project Limited starting from March 9, 2009.

The seven main components of the centre are main auditorium with seat capacity of 746 with desks, mini auditorium with seat capacity of 300 without desks, five multi-purpose halls, VVIP conference room and museum of art and history.

The Multipurpose Auditorium of Manipur Film Development Corporation located at Palace Compound has been constructed under Special Plan Assistance at an estimated cost of Rs. 14.44 crore. The auditorium has a seat capacity of 800 for the purpose screening of films.

The Inter-State Bus Terminus located at Khuman Lampak has been constructed at an estimated cost of Rs. 24.55 crore under the financial assistance from Northeastern Council (NEC). The work is being executed by M/S Avantika Construction Limited starting from December 31, 2009. The terminus will have a capacity of harbouring 105 buses on a daily basis.

The Capitol Complex comprising of Legislative Assembly and Civil Secretariat located at Chingmeirong has been constructed under Special Plan Assistance at an estimated cost Rs. 285.133 crore as per the revised DPR. The project is being executed by M/S Simplex Infrastructure Private Limited, Kolkata starting from January 9, 2006.

The High Court Complex which is also part of the Capitol Complex has been constructed at an estimated cost of Rs. 131.58 crore. The work agency is M/S Simplex Infrastructure Private Limited, Kolkata. The construction began from May 5, 2006.

The newly constructed state Assembly which will be inaugurated by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Saturday.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/mega-structures-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-are-worth-rs-512-59-crore/

Heavy security deployment in and around Greater Imphal

IMPHAL, December 2: In the wake of various militant outfits under the Coordination Committee and… more »

IMPHAL, December 2: In the wake of various militant outfits under the Coordination Committee and the URF/KCP boycotting the December 3 visit of the Prime Minister and UPA chairman to the state, the state government has already taken up stringent security measures in the Greater Imphal area since yesterday.

According to a reliable source, security forces have been placed at some 173 different locations around the Greater Imphal area, while another 61 mobile teams have been formed as part of security preparation. The state has further formed 54 temporary security posts in the Greater Imphal area.

Meanwhile, the state home department has further instructed the state DGP, IGP (ops), DIG zone I to inspect the security deployment starting from Friday night, the source informed.

Further according to the source, the state chief secretary further chaired a meeting and considered the various schemes to be represented before the Prime Minister tomorrow to be announced as PM package. The schemes were further finalized by a cabinet meet late this evening to be submitted to the Prime Minister tomorrow.

Meanwhile, the chief secretary has officially instructed all government employees in the secretariat and head of departments to attend the public meeting at Kangla and to be seated at the venue atleast 45 minutes before the arrival of the Prime Minister. The chief secretary has further instructed the heads of departments to instruct all officers and employees of the deprtment under their control to attend the meeting.

A separate official order issued by the commissioner GAD, government of Manipur has stated that any officers/employees who are willing to halt the night on December 2 in their respective offices will be provided food/meal by the GAD for employees of the Manipur secretariat.

It has further warned that failure to attend office will be viewed seriously and dies non principle will be applied and no pay shall be granted to the defaulting staff.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/heavy-security-deployment-in-and-around-greater-imphal/

ZSU decries misappropriation of development fund

IMPHAL, Dec 2: Zeliangrong Students’ Union, Manipur has condemned the state government for delay in… more »

IMPHAL, Dec 2: Zeliangrong Students’ Union, Manipur has condemned the state government for delay in the construction of Barrack Valley suspension bridege and also decried misappropriation of fund for the construction of road between Katang and Maguilong villages in between Manipur and Nagaland.

Speaking to media persons after inspecting the construction work of Barrack Valley suspension bridge, chairman of Zeliangrong Students’ Union, Stephen stated that the contractor has not taken up the road construction work properly and as a result the road in between Katang and Maguilong is in a deplorable condition.

The construction of Barrack Valley bridge was started in 2009 at an estimated cost of Rs. 4.59 crore under the agency of one special contractor, but it is still under the initial stage.

Stephen further appealed to the authorities concerned to expedite the development works and ensure better living condition to the people of Zeliangrong region.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/zsu-decries-misappropriation-of-development-fund/

JAC demands Rs 10 lakh and job as compensation for Kora

IMPHAL, Dec 2 (NNN): The JAC against the killing of Md. Kora, who was killed… more »

IMPHAL, Dec 2 (NNN): The JAC against the killing of Md. Kora, who was killed in a bomb blast on November 30, has today threatened the state government that it would call a 24-hour bandh if its demands are not met on or before December 6.

The JAC has already submitted a memorandum to the Chief Minister in connection with the incident wherein it expressed its demands.

The state government should book the culprits on or before December 15 and a compensation of Rs 10 lakh should be given to the bereaved family of Kora and also a suitable government job should be provided to the family, said JAC convenor, Jakir Hussain at a press conference at Manipur Press club here today.

He also said the JAC will not take the corpse of Kora until and unless the state government comes up with a positive response.

Kora had no link with any underground organizations and he was an innocent rickshaw puller who struggled hard for his life and family, the deceased’s elder daughter had claimed.

The rickshaw puller, Kora died in a bomb blast November 30 outside the main venue of Sangai festival 2011 at Hatta Kangjeibung here. Five persons, including two women were also wounded in the explosion.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/jac-demands-rs-10-lakh-and-job-as-compensation-for-kora/

Monthly rent of NE working women`s hostel at New Delhi to be reduced to Rs 1500

NEW DELHI , December 2 (MIC): In the meeting jointly chaired by the Union Minister… more »

NEW DELHI , December 2 (MIC): In the meeting jointly chaired by the Union Minister of State of Women & Child Development and the Union Minister of State of DONER & Parliamentary Affairs held here on the occupancy of Working Women’s Hostel for NE Region at Jasola in New Delhi, following decisions were arrived at to facilitate cent percent utilization of capacity of 501 beds created at Jasola Hostel, New Delhi.

The Principal Resident Commissioner of Sikkim, other Principal Resident Commissioners and Resident Commissioners or their representatives of North Eastern States were unanimous in their view that the proposed rent of Rs.2,800/- per month per bed was not affordable and should be reduced to Rs.1500/- per month per bed as a special case.  The difference of Rs.1300/- may be met by the Government in the Ministry of Women & Child Development and Ministry of DONER either directly or through NEC.  It was agreed that this request could be considered provided the State Governments of North Eastern States were in a position to guarantee cent percent utilization collectively and at the same time each of the eight States would give its confirmed requirement of the beds.  Collectively, they would cover all the 501 beds available in the Hostel.

In that event of the number of beds utilized by any of these states falls short of the committed numbers, the state government should bear and provide for the rent for the unoccupied beds from its budget every month.

The decision to reduce the rent to Rs.1500/- per month from Rs.2800/- per month, could remain in force for two years to begin with.  After that, this would be reviewed looking to the actual occupancy during this period and demand at that time.

It was decided that the women students from North Eastern States include those studying in coaching institutions, trainees, interns, researchers as well as self employed persons would be accommodated upto 30% of the total beds available in the Jasola  Hostel as a special case.

The Principal Resident Commissioners, Resident Commissioners and their representatives tentatively indicated the number of beds for their state during the discussion as 125 for Assam, 50 for Arunachal Pradesh, 75 for Sikkim , 25 for Meghalaya, 50 for Nagaland, 90 for Mizoram, 50 for Manipur which could go upto 200 and 25 for Tripura.

It was decided that the state government concerned would confirm the numbers and in case or change, give the revised numbers by December 5, 2011. In the event of no response from them, the numbers should be taken as final.

During the discussion, it was clarified that the mess facility at the Hostel was optional.  But cooking in the room by the resident was not allowed.  The mess facility charges would, however, be additional to rent and would be shared by the residents in a proportion to be determined by the Manager of the Hostel looking to the actual bill received every month.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/monthly-rent-of-ne-working-womens-hostel-at-new-delhi-to-be-reduced-to-rs-1500/

State BJP dismissess PM and UPA chairperson`s visit as political gimmick

IMPHAL, Dec 2 (NNN): Describing the proposed visit of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and UPA… more »

IMPHAL, Dec 2 (NNN): Describing the proposed visit of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi as a poll gimmick, the state BJP today strongly demanded that the status of “Supra-State Body” should be clarified to the public by the Prime Minister during his visit to Manipur on December 3 if he is sincere enough on the issue.

Making a veil attack on UPA government at the centre, Manipur state unit BJP president S. Shantikumar, while making announcement of Dr. Nando joining the party during a simple function at its office here, said not a single leader from UPA government have neither visited Manipur nor a single word was spoken about the hardships faced by the people during the over three-month long economic blockade and counter economic blockade imposed by Sadar Hills Districthood Demand Committee (SHDDC) and United Naga Council (UNC).

“Now Prime Minister Dr. Manmohasn Singh and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi are visiting the state for inauguration of a few buildings at a time when elections are round the corner which is a ploy to throw dust in the public eyes”, Shantikumar alleged.

Reiterating that the “closed door meeting” between the Union home minister and leaders of UNC during the Manipur visit of the former last month is “still in the dark”, the Manipur Pradesh BJP president demanded it should also be detailed by the two leaders during their trip to the state, the Manipur Pradesh BJP president demanded.

He also said the Guwahati based Seven Sister Post had rejected the statement made by home minister P Chidambaram on the issue of Supra-state body. The Secular Progressive Front (SPF) government has also maintained a complete silence on it till now as if it does not aware anything on the matter. The state government should also come clear on the issue, Shantikumar insisted.

Dr. Nando, who joined BJP on Friday, will contest the upcoming polls to the 10th Manipur Legislative Assembly from Uripok Constituency. Apart from Shantikumar, other state BJP leaders were also present at the function.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/state-bjp-dismissess-pm-and-upa-chairpersons-visit-as-political-gimmick/

Manipur Press Club comes alive with development photo exhibition

IMPHAL, Dec 2: A five-day long photo exhibition on the theme ‘Development Initiatives in North… more »

IMPHAL, Dec 2: A five-day long photo exhibition on the theme ‘Development Initiatives in North East’ was set into motion today at the Manipur Press Club. The exhibition which would continue till December 6 is being organized by the Directorate of Advertising & Visual Publicity (DAVP), ministry of Information & Broadcasting, government of India, Imphal with the help of All Manipur Working Journalist’ Union.

According to an official press release, rolling the motion for the five-day long exercise, Genneikhup Vaiphei, executive member, ADC/Churachandpur, who graced the occasion as chief guest outlined the 16 flagship programs of the central government. Arguing that New Delhi is doing much for the people of the region, Genneikhup Vaiphei, quoting the proverbial ‘out of sight, out mind’ said that the photos being displayed stands testimony of the initiatives of the Central Government.

Further according to the release, while narrating the success story of various centrally-sponsored projects in the North East, especially in Manipur, Vaiphei said that central schemes such as MGNREGS has been able to subside the difficulties of the people due to ‘mautam’ (bamboo flowering) in the later part of 2000s in the hill areas of the state.

Inspired by the collection of photos, Genneikhup Vaiphei said that photo exhibition is a forceful medium to disseminate information to the public. ‘The effort of DAVP in organizing exhibition of this type will pave way for better dissemination of information that will bridge the gap of information between the government and the public,’ said the young politician, who resigned from the prestigious banking service to work for people’s welfare, the release added. 

‘This exhibition brings me to other states without actually going around. Some of the photographs shows real picture of what the government intends for the people of the Northeast. I am excited by such development programs’ noted A Mobi, president, All Manipur Working Journalists’ Union (AMWJU), who attended the function as guest of honour, the release added.

Whilst suggesting for inclusion of photographs that tells the other side of the story such as bad road conditions etc, Mobi also called upon the public to invoke RTI Act to know about the various development projects that are undertaken in the state.

Further according to the release, welcoming the exhibition, Rosy, a college-going student, said that ‘the photos that are being displayed systematically have given me more knowledge and wisdom.’ ‘I am more closer to the people of the Northeast like never than before’ said another visitor.

The Field Exhibition Office, DAVP, Imphal organizises photo exhibition round the year in order to disseminate information about the pace of various developmental projects undertaken by the government of India in the North east. In May, a three-day photo exhibition was organized at Tamenglong headquarters. In June, Kakching in Thoubal district have seen five-day exhibition. Kwakta & Moirang in Bishnupur district witnessed five-day exhibition each in the month of August. In October, a five-day exhibition was organized at Bunglon High School and another five-day exhibition at Loktak Project. Development photos also enthralled Leimakhong residents in November for five days, the release added.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/manipur-press-club-comes-alive-with-development-photo-exhibition/

Bomb blast condemned

IMPHAL December 2: The All Manipur Hujjai (HAJI) Welfare Association has condemned the bomb blast… more »

IMPHAL December 2: The All Manipur Hujjai (HAJI) Welfare Association has condemned the bomb blast which had killed Md Kora at the Sangai Festival Gate on November 30.

A release of the association has stated that such a fate is not deserving to one who works to feed his family through hard labour. It is a crime on humanity and such act of terrorism should not be repeated in future, the release added. Furthermore, it has appealed to the state government to award fitting compensation to the next of kin of the deceased.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/bomb-blast-condemned/

Lajong remains on par with Mohun Bagan, ends in goalless draw

IMPHAL, Dec 2: The much anticipated I-League match between Mohun Bagan and Lajong FC, Shillong… more »

IMPHAL, Dec 2: The much anticipated I-League match between Mohun Bagan and Lajong FC, Shillong ended in a goalless draw today.

The match was held at Khuman Lampak Main Stadium as the home ground of Lajong FC.

Mohun Bagan dominated in the first half of the match with its key player Odafa making constant attacks on the opponents. He missed two chances of scoring goals.

Later in the second half, Lajong could have more ball possession.

Mohun Bagan manager, Debashish Dutt stated that the team expected victory against Lajong. However, the absence of Indian team captain Sunil Chhetry in the team was a setback in today’s match. Odafa could not perform well in the absence of Chhetry, he noted.

Odafa had two great chances of scoring against Lajong. However, he missed the goals.

James Gbilee of Lajong also tried to score against opponent Mohun Bagan.

It may be mentioned that Lajong has never been defeated in its home ground at Imphal. The home ground of Lajong will be shifted to Guwahati. With this draw, Lajong is at the 8th position with 9 points.

Mohun Bagan is at the second spot with 16 points. Dempo, Goa is still the point table of I-League with 21 points.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/lajong-remains-on-par-with-mohun-bagan-ends-in-goalless-draw/

Look Before You Leap

Leader Writer: Hr. Angomcha People of Manipur are perturbed by several mindless activities going around…. more »

Leader Writer: Hr. Angomcha
People of Manipur are perturbed by several mindless activities going around. No people in any part of the world might have experienced such adversity. All these days they have been withstanding the hardship of economic blockade which resulted in acute shortage of essential commodities. On the other side, they are terrorized by frequent bomb blasts in crowded public places. Such mindless activities do not serve any purpose rather rendering the common people in extreme suffering.

What was the outcome of economic blockade imposed on the National Highways for about four months? Were their demands fulfilled? The answer will obviously be “NO”. Then, is there any justification for such mindless act? The answer seems to be doubtful. The proverb “look before you leap” comes to mind vividly when people carry out mindless activities against the interest of the general public. The economic blockade as such is an undemocratic tool which has been used by some groups almost every time whenever they want to draw the attention of the government. Majority of the people are thrown into fire for the sake of some interest groups. This is really a mindless act. The agitators should have thought over and again on this matter before starting their agitation. Many might have desired to endorse their demand, but their undemocratic attitude has turned them away. The agitators would not be able to relish the “fruit” wholeheartedly. Their agitation seems to bear no fruit. Drivers and handymen were killed and injured during blockade. Many goods laden trucks were burned down for no reason. Can these brutal mindless acts be justified by their demand? If so, can they be able to achieve their goal? It is all futile…They should have looked before they leaped. The outcome of their agitation is only hatred and enmity amongst the harmonious groups. There is no single point that can justify the imposition of economic blockade for many months. The four-month-long agitation of demand and counter-demand has ended up meaninglessly. Their demand and counter-demand has perturbed the common people. Nothing good or significant has been achieved on the part of their agitation. The whole episode of economic blockade turns out to be “super flop”. Thank them at least. Manipur has been able to make headlines in both national and international media owing to this blockade. 

Coming to the point of terrorism in the state, people have witnessed bomb blasts in crowded public places every now and then. Such things are barbaric and inhumane. Nothing can justify such act of killing innocent people. Whether terrorists or revolutionaries, can their goals be achieved with the blood of common people? Why are they targeting innocent people when their main targets are far beyond their reach? The blasts at Sangakpam, Ragailong , Sangai festival, ISKCON, Alu Gali  and many other places killing and injuring several innocent people have turned this land into a bloody field. No one is certain about tomorrow. He may be alive at the present, but the next moment he might have left for his heavenly abode. Where can one live peacefully in this land of mindless people? They do not bother about the consequence of things. They do whatever that comes to their mind. The sense of brotherhood and oneness has been marred by these mindless acts. 

Things won’t be improved if people keep on indulging in mindless activities. Any agitation or revolution should have some significance on the society. Mindless and haphazard ways will only aggravate angst amongst the people. Untoward things could be averted if people consider the consequence first before taking up any venture. Always look before you leap.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/look-before-you-leap/

Flashback: The roots of the Hollywood Studio System

By Subir Ghosh Before Hollywood had come an abject failure – that of the Motion… more »

By Subir Ghosh

Before Hollywood had come an abject failure – that of the Motion Pictures Patent Company (MPPC) to monopolise the film business. This was a cartel of 11 leading American and European producers of films and manufacturers of cameras and projectors.

In December 1908, a “trust” was formed by major American film companies (Edison, Biograph, Vitagraph, Essanay, Selig, Lubin, Kalem, American Star, American Pathé), the leading film distributor (George Kleine) and the biggest supplier of raw film stock, Eastman Kodak, to inflate the prices of equipment they alone could manufacture. The companies pooled patents and made thousands of short films. Only cooperating companies, licensed by the MPPC could manufactur “legal” films and film equiment. It was a big bully.

The MPPC ended the domination of foreign films on American screens, standardised the manner in which films were distributed and exhibited in the US, and improved the quality of American motion pictures by internal competition. The MPPC was modelled on the Edison licensing system, which had existed ephemerally in 1907–1908. It was a desire of one man – inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who owned most of the major American patents relating to motion picture cameras – to control the industry with allies.

The Edison Manufacturing Company’s would routinely file patent lawsuits against its competitors. The American film industry was crippled. Biograph was the only Edison rival to survive since it used a different camera design. The sesser mortals had no hoice but import foreign-made films, mostly French and British. Not content, Edison also harassed distributors and exhibitors on the ground that if they did not use his machines and films exclusively, they would be subject to litigation for supporting filmmaking that infringed Edison’s patents.

Rivals Essanay, Kalem, Pathé Frères, Selig, and Vitagraph approached the Edison Manufacturing Company in 1907 to broker a licensing agreement. Lubin too was invited, but Biograph kept out. The motto of this agreement was clear: to “preserve the business of present manufacturers and not to throw the field open to all competitors.”

And when the MPPC was formed, it sought to eliminate the outright sale of films to distributors and exhibitors, replacing it with rentals, which allowed quality control over prints that had formerly been exhibited long past their prime. Then came a uniform rental rate for all licensed films. Price as a factor for the exhibitor in film selection was thus removed.

The cartel monopoly slowly increased. Eastman Kodak, which owned the patent on raw film stock, sold stock only to other members. Since MPPC had control of patents on motion picture cameras, only its own studios were able to film. Similarly, the MPPC with its deals with distributors and theatres, decided who screened their films and where.

Independent filmmakers responded by moving their operations to the small suburb of Hollywood to the west of Los Angeles. This was not done without a reason – it was on the other coast, far away from Edison’s home town of New Jersey. The Hollywood area came under the purview of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, based in San Francisco. It was averse to enforcing patent claims. There were other reasons for selecting this location. Southern California had a beautiful year-round weather and varied countryside; its topography, semi-arid climate and widespread irrigation gave its landscapes the ability to offer motion picture shooting scenes set in deserts, jungles and great mountains.

The beginning of the decline of the MPPC coincided with the growth of Hollywood. In fact, it started soon after the cartel was formed. In 1911, Eastman Kodak modified its exclusive contract with the MPPC, and allowed Kodak to sell its raw film stock. The immediate fallout was the the number of theaters exhibiting independent films grew by 33 per cent within twelve months.

The MPPC also overestimated its power of influence. Its practice of using detectives to investigate patent infringements, and of obtaining injunctions against the infringers, was outpaced by the dynamic rise of new companies in diverse locations. The MPPC was hamstrung with Edison’s aversion for longer films. It took the MPPC players four years to come up with their feature films. By this time, independent filmmakers had released hundreds.

With the outbreak of World War I, Europe was cut off from the MPPC. The war hit it more than the independents who mostly made Westerns for an American audience. As revenues dipped, the final nail in the MPPC’s coffin was struck by a federal court which ruled that the organisation had gone “far beyond what was necessary to protect the use of patents or the monopoly which went with them.” The big bully was finally cut down to size.

The independents, meanwhile, were on a roll. Their feature films generated more interest among filmgoers than the two-reel, fifteen minute narratives of the MPPC did. They were all over the magazines, and each film was a unique product that was heavily advertised. Gradually, the independents no longer remained independents – they became a system. This system did precisely what the MPPC had failed to do – have total control over the industry to produce, distribute and exhibit films. We will be calling it the Hollywood Studio System.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/12/flashback-the-roots-of-the-hollywood-studio-system/